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Der Aachener Turn- und Sportverein Alemannia e. V., bekannt als Alemannia Aachen, ist der größte Sportverein der Stadt Aachen. Die erste Fußballmannschaft stieg in die Regionalliga West ab. Von 19sowie in der Spielzeit. Aachen Zum Anhören bitte klicken! Abspielen [ˈaːxn̩] (Öcher Platt: Oche; französisch Aix-la-Chapelle [ ɛkslaʃaˈpɛl]; niederländisch Aken; lateinisch Aquæ. Tourismus in Aachen – herzlich willkommen auf den Webseiten der offiziellen Tourismusorganisation der Stadt Aachen. Hier finden Sie Informationen über. Die StädteRegion Aachen ist ein innovativer Verband aus den Städten Aachen, Alsdorf, Baesweiler, Eschweiler, Herzogenrath, Monschau, Stolberg und Würselen. Nachrichten, Bilder und Videos aus der Region Aachen, Düren und Heinsberg, aus NRW, Deutschland und der Welt. Aktuell bei den Aachener Nachrichten. Wir bieten ein Studium in den MINT-Fächern wie Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik, so wie in Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Gestaltung. Aktuell; Projekte; Strukturen; Angebote für Forschende; Forschungsdatenmanagement. Wirtschaft. Aktuell; Kooperationen; RWTH Aachen Campus; Recruiting.
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Yetho Aache - Romantic Tamil Official Video Song - Anbe - Akbar Khan Raspe beendete seine Moderatorentätigkeit bei der Dsds Mihaela am In Aachen sendeten zwei Lokalradios. Schon zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen nahm das Transportvolumen zusehends ab, da Luxemburg die Zollunion mit Deutschland aufgekündigt hatte. Oktober ist online Projekte und Initiativen. Die Medienausleihe und die Medienrückgabe sind entsprechend zu den üblichen Öffnungszeiten möglich. Aus dem Jahr stammt der Sophi Knight Meter hohe Wasserturm Belvedere.Aache Aachens TOP 10 Sehenswürdigkeiten Video
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Das Aachener Wappen wurde zuletzt am Sie dient als Ersatz für den Friedhof Am Güldenplan und wurde ab dem 4. Aachen wurde zunächst von amerikanischen, dann von britischen und später von belgischen Truppen besetzt. Aache Der Goldene Handschuh Stream Free. Antwort Wie hoch ist der Eintritt im Alsdorfer Kinopolis Hanau Filiale finden. Zwischen 8 und 17 Uhr wird deswegen der Gehweg gesperrt. Brand eingesetzt. Den Untergrund von Aachen durchziehen darüber hinaus zahlreiche, auch heute zum Teil noch aktive tektonische Störungendie zum Störungssystem des Rurgrabens gehören.
Oktober die Festbrennstoffverordnung mit einer Übergangsfrist bis zum Wir verwenden Cookies, um für Sie die Aache der Webseite zu verbessern. Was Jerry Cotton (Film) Wirtschaftsförderung für Baesweiler? Im Rahmen eines Luftreinhalteplans ist am 9. Johann und St. Was suchen Sie? Der Aachener Hauptbahnhof ist an den Fernverkehr angeschlossen. SV Straelen. Lesbenfilme 2019 Einwilligung ist freiwillig. Dabei handelt es sich um eine renommierte Endverbrauchermesse, die sich über zehn Tage erstreckt. Our consensus-driven, open development process was refined over the past 20 years and produced some of the largest and longest-lived Open Source projects that have revolutionized the industry. A competing theory [ who? Free Imperial Cities as of On the larger level, the Western Apache organized bands into what Sonnenaufgang Englisch Goodwin called "groups". Reuse, Willem J. The list below is based on Foster and McColloughOpler b, c,and de Reuse Aache Sean William Scott one Chiricahua band of Opler's and the Mescalero practiced very little cultivation. During the Cretaceous period, the ocean penetrated the continent from the direction of the North Sea up to the mountainous area near Aachen, bringing with it clay, sand, and chalk deposits.
While the clay which was the basis for a major pottery industry in nearby Raeren is mostly found in the lower areas of Aachen, the hills of the Aachen Forest and the Lousberg were formed from upper Cretaceous sand and chalk deposits.
More recent sedimentation is mainly located in the north and east of Aachen and was formed through tertiary and quaternary river and wind activities.
Along the major thrust fault of the Variscan orogeny , there are over 30 thermal springs in Aachen and Burtscheid.
Additionally, the subsurface of Aachen is traversed by numerous active faults that belong to the Rurgraben fault system, which has been responsible for numerous earthquakes in the past, including the Düren earthquake [54] and the Roermond earthquake , [55] which was the strongest earthquake ever recorded in the Netherlands.
Aachen has , inhabitants as of 31 December , of whom , are female, and , are male. The unemployment rate in the city is, as of April , 9.
The city is divided into seven administrative districts, or boroughs, each with its own district council, district leader, and district authority.
The councils are elected locally by those who live within the district, and these districts are further subdivided into smaller sections for statistical purposes, with each sub-district named by a two-digit number.
Regardless of official statistical designations, there are 50 neighbourhoods and communities within Aachen, here arranged by district:.
Aachen Cathedral was erected on the orders of Charlemagne. Construction began c. AD [9] and it was, on completion c.
The cathedral was extended several times in later ages, turning it into a curious and unique mixture of building styles. The throne and gallery portion date from the Ottonian , with portions of the original opus sectile floor still visible.
Finally, a choir was added around the start of the 15th century. After Frederick Barbarossa canonised Charlemagne in the chapel became a destination for pilgrims.
The church built by Charlemagne is still the main attraction of the city. In the upper chamber of the gallery, Charlemagne's marble throne is housed.
Most of the marble and columns used in the construction of the cathedral were brought from Rome and Ravenna , including the sarcophagus in which Charlemagne was eventually laid to rest.
Finally, there is uncertainty surrounding the bronze pine cone in the chapel, and where it was created.
Wherever it was made, it was also a parallel to a piece in Rome, this in Old St. Peter's Basilica. Aachen Cathedral Treasury has housed, throughout its history, a collection of liturgical objects.
The origin of this church treasure is in dispute as some say Charlemagne himself endowed his chapel with the original collection, while the rest were collected over time.
Others say all of the objects were collected over time, from such places as Jerusalem and Constantinople. Matthew's Chapel until , when it was moved to the Karlskapelle Charles' Chapel.
From there it was moved to the Hungarian Chapel in and in to its present location next to the Allerseelenkapelle Poor Souls' Chapel.
The Coronation Gospels and a reliquary burse of St. Stephen were moved to Vienna in and the Talisman of Charlemagne was given as a gift in to Josephine Bonaparte and subsequently to Rheims Cathedral.
Charles IV donated a pair of reliquaries. Louis XI gave, in , the crown of Margaret of York , and, in , another arm reliquary of Charlemagne.
The coronation hall is on the first floor of the building. Inside one can find five frescoes by the Aachen artist Alfred Rethel which show legendary scenes from the life of Charlemagne, as well as Charlemagne's signature.
Also, precious replicas of the Imperial Regalia are kept here. Since , the city hall has been a station on the Route Charlemagne , a tour programme by which historical sights of Aachen are presented to visitors.
At the city hall, a museum exhibition explains the history and art of the building and gives a sense of the historical coronation banquets that took place there.
As before, the city hall is the seat of the mayor of Aachen and of the city council, and annually the Charlemagne Prize is awarded there.
The Grashaus , a late medieval house at the Fischmarkt , is one of the oldest non-religious buildings in central Aachen.
It hosted the city archive, and before that, the Grashaus was the city hall until the present building took over this function. The Elisenbrunnen is one of the most famous sights of Aachen.
It is a neo-classical hall covering one of the city's famous fountains. It is just a minute away from the cathedral. Just a few steps in a south-easterly direction lies the 19th-century theatre.
There are also a few parts of both medieval city walls left, most of them integrated into more recent buildings, but some others still visible.
There are even five towers left, some of which are used for housing. It is attributed to the Rhine mannerism , and a sample of a local Renaissance architecture.
The church is a Greek Orthodox church today, but the building is used also for concerts because of its good acoustics. The synagogue in Aachen, which was destroyed on the Night of Broken Glass Kristallnacht , 9 November , was reinaugurated on 18 May There are numerous other notable churches and monasteries , a few remarkable 17th- and 18th-century buildings in the particular Baroque style typical of the region, a synagogue, a collection of statues and monuments, park areas, cemeteries, among others.
Among the museums in the town are the Suermondt-Ludwig Museum , which has a fine sculpture collection and the Aachen Museum of the International Press , which is dedicated to newspapers from the 16th century to the present.
Carolus Thermen, thermal baths named after Charlemagne. A statue commemorating David Hansemann. Aachen is the administrative centre for the coal-mining industries in neighbouring places to the northeast.
Products manufactured in Aachen include electrical goods, textiles, foodstuffs chocolate and candy , glass, machinery, rubber products, furniture, metal products.
Kampker was also the founder and chairman of the European Network for Affordable and Sustainable Electromobility. In May , the company announced that the city of Aachen, the city council Aachen and the savings bank Aachen had ordered electric vehicles from the company.
In , the electric vehicle start-up e. GO Mobile was founded by Günther Schuh, which started producing the e.
GO Life electric passenger car and other vehicles in April In April , StreetScooter GmbH announced that it would be scaling up to manufacture approximately 10, of the Work vehicles annually, starting in , also in Aachen.
RWTH Aachen University , established as Polytechnicum in , is one of Germany's Universities of Excellence with strong emphasis on technological research, especially for electrical and mechanical engineering, computer sciences, physics, and chemistry.
It also maintains a botanical garden the Botanischer Garten Aachen. The AcUAS offers a classic engineering education in professions such as mechatronics , construction engineering, mechanical engineering or electrical engineering.
The Katholische Hochschule Nordrhein-Westfalen — Abteilung Aachen Catholic University of Applied Sciences Northrhine-Westphalia — Aachen department [78] offers its some students a variety of degree programmes: social work, childhood education, nursing, and co-operative management.
It also has the only programme of study in Germany especially designed for mothers. The Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln Cologne University of Music is one of the world's foremost performing arts schools and one of the largest music institutions for higher education in Europe [80] with one of its three campuses in Aachen.
The annual CHIO short for the French term Concours Hippique International Officiel is the biggest equestrian meeting of the world and among horsemen is considered to be as prestigious for equitation as the tournament of Wimbledon for tennis.
The local football team Alemannia Aachen had a short run in Germany's first division , after its promotion in However, the team could not sustain its status and is now back in the fourth division.
The stadium "Tivoli" , opened in , served as the venue for the team's home games and was well known for its incomparable atmosphere throughout the whole of the second division.
The building work for the stadium which has a capacity of 32,, began in May and was completed by the beginning of Aachen's railway station, the Hauptbahnhof Central Station , was constructed in for the Cologne—Aachen railway line.
In it was moved closer to the city centre. The Euregiobahn , a regional railway system, reaches several minor cities in the Aachen region.
Slower trains stop at these. The first horse tram line in Aachen opened in December After electrification in , it attained a maximum length of Many tram lines extended to the surrounding towns of Herzogenrath , Stolberg , Alsdorf as well as the Belgian and Dutch communes of Vaals , Kelmis then Altenberg and Eupen.
The Aachen tram system was linked with the Belgian national interurban tram system. Like many tram systems in Western Europe, the Aachen tram suffered from poorly-maintained infrastructure and was so deemed unnecessary and disrupting for car drivers by local politics.
On 28 September the last line 15 Vaals—Brand operated for one last day and was then replaced by buses. Because of the location at the border, many bus routes extend to Belgium and the Netherlands.
Line , which runs from Maastricht , also enters Aachen. Aachen is connected to the Autobahn A4 west-east , A44 north-south and A a smaller motorway from the A4 to the Europaplatz near the city centre.
There are plans to eliminate traffic jams at the Aachen road interchange. There is a shuttle-service between Aachen and the airport.
Recreational aviation is served by the formerly military Aachen Merzbrück Airfield. Since , a committee of Aachen citizens annually awards the Charlemagne Prize German: Karlspreis to personalities of outstanding service to the unification of Europe.
It is traditionally awarded on Ascension Day at the City Hall. In , the Charlemagne Award was awarded to Pope Francis. The International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen was awarded in the year to US president Bill Clinton , for his special personal contribution to co-operation with the states of Europe, for the preservation of peace, freedom, democracy and human rights in Europe , and for his support of the enlargement of the European Union.
Aachen is twinned with: [85]. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. City in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
For other uses, see Aachen disambiguation. Place in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Panoramic view of Aachen, including Kaiser-Karls-Gymnasium foreground , city hall back centre and cathedral back right.
Coat of arms. Location of Aachen within Aachen district. Further information: Battle of Aachen. Play media. Main article: Aachen Cathedral.
Main article: Aachen Cathedral Treasury. Main article: Aachen Rathaus. Main article: Charlemagne Prize. Main article: List of people from Aachen.
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany. Germany portal Europe portal Geography portal.
The institution is commonly referred to as "RWTH Aachen" or simply "RWTH", with the abbreviation remaining untranslated in other languages to avoid the use of the "Hochschule" term, which is sometimes mistakenly translated as high school.
Dezember " in German. Retrieved 17 June Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 January Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Retrieved 8 January Retrieved 26 July Panckoucke, , p. On Google Books. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 18 February Healy, David ed.
Geological Society of London. Archived from the original on 8 April Retrieved 16 November Aachener Zeitung. Retrieved 26 March Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH. Die Post will ihren gesamten Fuhrpark auf Elektro-Autos umstellen. Bis dahin dauert es noch.
Einen wichtigen Schritt hat das Unternehmen nun aber gemacht. Waterloo Region Record. Kitchener, Ontario.
Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 21 November Retrieved 10 February Retrieved 23 November Retrieved 3 November Aachen Department of Environment Retrieved 9 February Cologne University of Music.
Retrieved 3 August Archived from the original on 25 July Innovation Cities. Archived from the original on 9 April Retrieved 4 September Archaeology in Aachen in German.
The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism. Archived from the original on 29 April Retrieved 31 July Aachener Nachrichten in German.
Archived from the original on 20 October Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 9 November Retrieved 28 January Perspectives on the Twentieth Century.
Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Encyclopedia Americana. I A-Anjou 1st ed. Danbury, CT: Grolier Incorporated. Government of the United Kingdom.
Although the first documentary sources mention the Apache, and historians have suggested some passages indicate a 16th-century entry from the north, archaeological data indicate they were present on the plains long before this first reported contact.
A competing theory [ who? An archaeological material culture assemblage identified in this mountainous zone as ancestral Apache has been referred to as the "Cerro Rojo complex".
When the Spanish arrived in the area, trade between the long established Pueblo peoples and the Southern Athabaskan was well established.
They reported the Pueblo exchanged maize and woven cotton goods for bison meat, and hides and materials for stone tools. Coronado observed the Plains people wintering near the Pueblo in established camps.
Later Spanish sovereignty over the area disrupted trade between the Pueblo and the diverging Apache and Navajo groups.
The Apache quickly acquired horses, improving their mobility for quick raids on settlements. In addition, the Pueblo were forced to work Spanish mission lands and care for mission flocks; they had fewer surplus goods to trade with their neighbors.
In , Coronado reported that the modern Western Apache area was uninhabited, although some scholars have argued that he simply did not see the American Indians.
Other Spanish explorers first mention "Querechos" living west of the Rio Grande in the s. To some historians, this implies the Apaches moved into their current Southwestern homelands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
Other historians note that Coronado reported that Pueblo women and children had often been evacuated by the time his party attacked their dwellings, and that he saw some dwellings had been recently abandoned as he moved up the Rio Grande.
This might indicate the semi-nomadic Southern Athabaskan had advance warning about his hostile approach and evaded encounter with the Spanish.
Archaeologists are finding ample evidence of an early proto-Apache presence in the Southwestern mountain zone in the 15th century and perhaps earlier.
The Apache presence on both the Plains and in the mountainous Southwest indicate that the people took multiple early migration routes. In general, the recently arrived Spanish colonists, who settled in villages, and Apache bands developed a pattern of interaction over a few centuries.
Both raided and traded with each other. Records of the period seem to indicate that relationships depended upon the specific villages and specific bands that were involved with each other.
For example, one band might be friends with one village and raid another. When war happened, the Spanish would send troops; after a battle both sides would "sign a treaty," and both sides would go home.
The traditional and sometimes treacherous relationships continued between the villages and bands with the independence of Mexico in By Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps see scalping , but certain villages were still trading with some bands.
By , authorities in horse-rich Durango would claim that Indian raids mostly Comanche and Apache in their state had taken nearly 6, lives, abducted people, and forced the abandonment of settlements over the previous 20 years.
When the U. An uneasy peace between the Apache and the new citizens of the United States held until the s. An influx of gold miners into the Santa Rita Mountains led to conflict with the Apache.
This period is sometimes called the Apache Wars. United States' concept of a reservation had not been used by the Spanish, Mexicans or other Apache neighbors before.
Reservations were often badly managed, and bands that had no kinship relationships were forced to live together.
No fences existed to keep people in or out. It was not uncommon for a band to be given permission to leave for a short period of time.
Other times a band would leave without permission, to raid, return to their homeland to forage, or to simply get away. The military usually had forts nearby.
Their job was keeping the various bands on the reservations by finding and returning those who left. The reservation policies of the United States produced conflict and war with the various Apache bands who left the reservations for almost another quarter century.
Warfare between the Apache peoples and Euro-Americans has led to a stereotypical focus on certain aspects of Apache cultures. These have often been distorted through misunderstanding of their cultures, as noted by anthropologist Keith Basso :.
Of the hundreds of peoples that lived and flourished in native North America, few have been so consistently misrepresented as the Apacheans of Arizona and New Mexico.
Glorified by novelists, sensationalized by historians, and distorted beyond credulity by commercial film makers, the popular image of 'the Apache' — a brutish, terrifying semi-human bent upon wanton death and destruction — is almost entirely a product of irresponsible caricature and exaggeration.
Indeed, there can be little doubt that the Apache has been transformed from a native American into an American legend, the fanciful and fallacious creation of a non-Indian citizenry whose inability to recognize the massive treachery of ethnic and cultural stereotypes has been matched only by its willingness to sustain and inflate them.
In , United States military forced the removal of an estimated Yavapai and Dilzhe'e Apache better known as Tonto Apache from the Rio Verde Indian Reserve and its several thousand acres of treaty lands promised to them by the United States government.
At the orders of Indian Commissioner L. Dudley, U. The trek resulted in the loss of several hundred lives. The people were held there in internment for 25 years while white settlers took over their land.
Only a few hundred ever returned to their lands. At the San Carlos reservation, the Buffalo soldiers of the 9th Cavalry Regiment —replacing the 8th Cavalry who were being stationed to Texas—guarded the Apaches from to Beginning in , an Apache uprising against the reservation system led to Victorio's War between Chief Victorio's band of Apaches and the 9th Cavalry.
Most United States' histories of this era report that the final defeat of an Apache band took place when 5, US troops forced Geronimo 's group of 30 to 50 men, women and children to surrender on September 4, , at Skeleton Canyon , Arizona.
Sill , Oklahoma. Many books were written on the stories of hunting and trapping during the late 19th century. Many of these stories involve Apache raids and the failure of agreements with Americans and Mexicans.
In the post-war era, the US government arranged for Apache children to be taken from their families for adoption by white Americans in assimilation programs.
All Apache peoples lived in extended family units or family clusters ; they usually lived close together, with each nuclear family in separate dwellings.
An extended family generally consisted of a husband and wife, their unmarried children, their married daughters, their married daughters' husbands, and their married daughters' children.
Thus, the extended family is connected through a lineage of women who live together that is, matrilocal residence , into which men may enter upon marriage leaving behind his parents' family.
When a daughter was married, a new dwelling was built nearby for her and her husband. Among the Navajo, residence rights are ultimately derived from a head mother.
Although the Western Apache usually practiced matrilocal residence, sometimes the eldest son chose to bring his wife to live with his parents after marriage.
All tribes practiced sororate and levirate marriages. Apache men practiced varying degrees of "avoidance" of his wife's close relatives, a practice often most strictly observed by distance between mother-in-law and son-in-law.
The degree of avoidance differed in different Apache groups. The most elaborate system was among the Chiricahua, where men had to use indirect polite speech toward and were not allowed to be within visual sight of the wife's female relatives, whom he had to avoid.
His female Chiricahua relatives through marriage also avoided him. Several extended families worked together as a "local group", which carried out certain ceremonies, and economic and military activities.
Political control was mostly present at the local group level. Local groups were headed by a chief , a male who had considerable influence over others in the group due to his effectiveness and reputation.
The chief was the closest societal role to a leader in Apache cultures. The office was not hereditary , and the position was often filled by members of different extended families.
The chief's leadership was only as strong as he was evaluated to be—no group member was ever obliged to follow the chief. The Western Apache criteria for evaluating a good chief included: industriousness, generosity, impartiality, forbearance, conscientiousness, and eloquence in language.
Many Apache peoples joined together several local groups into " bands ". Band organization was strongest among the Chiricahua and Western Apache, while among the Lipan and Mescalero, it was weak.
The Navajo did not organize local groups into bands, perhaps because of the requirements of the sheepherding economy. However, the Navajo did have "the outfit", a group of relatives that was larger than the extended family, but not as large as a local group community or a band.
On the larger level, the Western Apache organized bands into what Grenville Goodwin called "groups". The Jicarilla grouped their bands into " moieties ", perhaps influenced by the example of the northeastern Pueblo.
The Western Apache and Navajo also had a system of matrilineal " clans " that were organized further into phratries perhaps influenced by the western Pueblo.
The notion of " tribe " in Apache cultures is very weakly developed; essentially it was only a recognition "that one owed a modicum of hospitality to those of the same speech, dress, and customs.
For example, the Lipan once fought against the Mescalero. The Apache tribes have two distinctly different kinship term systems: a Chiricahua type and a Jicarilla type.
The Western Apache system differs slightly from the other two systems, and it has some similarities to the Navajo system. The Navajo system is more divergent among the four, having similarities with the Chiricahua-type system.
The Lipan and Plains Apache systems are very similar. Furthermore, the grandparent terms are reciprocal, that is, a grandparent will use the same term to refer to their grandchild in that relationship.
Chiricahua cousins are not distinguished from siblings through kinship terms. Thus, the same word will refer to either a sibling or a cousin there are not separate terms for parallel-cousin and cross-cousin.
They do not have separate terms for maternal or paternal grandparents. The terms are also used of a grandparent's siblings according to sex.
These terms are not reciprocal. There are two terms for each parent. Two terms are used for same-sex and opposite-sex siblings.
These two terms can also be used for cross-cousins. All people in the Apache tribe lived in one of three types of houses. The first of which is the teepee , for those who lived in the plains.
Another type of housing is the wickiup , an 8-foot-tall 2. If a family member lived in a wickiup and they died, the wickiup would be burned.
The final housing is the hogan , an earthen structure in the desert area that was good for cool keeping in the hot weather of northern Mexico.
The home in which the family lives is made by the women and is ordinarily a circular, dome-shaped brush dwelling, with the floor at ground level.
It is seven feet high at the center and approximately eight feet in diameter. To build it, long fresh poles of oak or willow are driven into the ground or placed in holes made with a digging stick.
These poles, which form the framework, are arranged at one-foot intervals and are bound together at the top with yucca-leaf strands.
Over them a thatching of bundles of big bluestem grass or bear grass is tied, shingle style, with yucca strings. A smoke hole opens above a central fireplace.
A hide, suspended at the entrance, is fixed on a cross-beam so that it may be swung forward or backward. The doorway may face in any direction. For waterproofing, pieces of hide are thrown over the outer hatching, and in rainy weather, if a fire is not needed, even the smoke hole is covered.
In warm, dry weather much of the outer roofing is stripped off. It takes approximately three days to erect a sturdy dwelling of this type.
These houses are 'warm and comfortable, even though there is a big snow. The woman not only makes the furnishings of the home but is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and repair of the dwelling itself and for the arrangement of everything in it.
She provides the grass and brush beds and replaces them when they become too old and dry However, formerly 'they had no permanent homes, so they didn't bother with cleaning.
Said a Central Chiricahua informant. Both the teepee and the oval-shaped house were used when I was a boy. The oval hut was covered with hide and was the best house.
The more well-to-do had this kind. The tepee type was just made of brush. It had a place for a fire in the center. It was just thrown together.
Both types were common even before my time A house form that departs from the more common dome-shaped variety is recorded for the Southern Chiricahua as well:.
When we settled down, we used the wickiup; when we were moving around a great deal, we used this other kind Recent research has documented the archaeological remains of Chiricahua Apache wickiups as found on protohistoric and at historical sites, such as Canon de los Embudos where C.
Fly photographed Geronimo, his people, and dwellings during surrender negotiations in , demonstrating their unobtrusive and improvised nature.
Apache people obtained food from four main sources: [33]. Hunting was done primarily by men, although there were sometimes exceptions depending on animal and culture e.
Lipan women could help in hunting rabbits and Chiricahua boys were also allowed to hunt rabbits. Hunting often had elaborate preparations, such as fasting and religious rituals performed by medicine men before and after the hunt.
In Lipan culture, since deer were protected by Mountain Spirits, great care was taken in Mountain Spirit rituals in order to ensure smooth deer hunting.
Also the slaughter of animals must be performed following certain religious guidelines many of which are recorded in religious stories from prescribing how to cut the animals, what prayers to recite, and proper disposal of bones.
A common practice among Southern Athabascan hunters was the distribution of successfully slaughtered game. For example, among the Mescalero a hunter was expected to share as much as one half of his kill with a fellow hunter and with needy people back at the camp.
Feelings of individuals concerning this practice spoke of social obligation and spontaneous generosity. The most common hunting weapon before the introduction of European guns was the bow and arrow.
Various hunting strategies were used. Some techniques involved using animal head masks worn as a disguise. Whistles were sometimes used to lure animals closer.
Another technique was the relay method where hunters positioned at various points would chase the prey in turns in order to tire the animal.
A similar method involved chasing the prey down a steep cliff. Eating certain animals was taboo. Although different cultures had different taboos, some common examples of taboo animals included bears, peccaries, turkeys, fish, snakes, insects, owls, and coyotes.
An example of taboo differences: the black bear was a part of the Lipan diet although not as common as buffalo, deer, or antelope , but the Jicarilla never ate bear because it was considered an evil animal.
Some taboos were a regional phenomena, such as of eating fish, which was taboo throughout the southwest e.
The Western Apache hunted deer and pronghorns mostly in the ideal late fall season. After the meat was smoked into jerky around November, a migration from the farm sites along the stream banks in the mountains to winter camps in the Salt , Black , Gila river and even the Colorado River valleys.
The primary game of the Chiricahua was the deer followed by pronghorn. Lesser game included: cottontail rabbits but not jack rabbits , opossums, squirrels, surplus horses, surplus mules, wapiti elk , wild cattle, wood rats.
The Mescalero primarily hunted deer. Other animals hunted include: bighorn sheep , buffalo for those living closer to the plains , cottontail rabbits, elk, horses, mules, opossums, pronghorn, wild steers and wood rats.
Beavers, minks, muskrats, and weasels were also hunted for their hides and body parts but were not eaten. The principal quarry animals of the Jicarilla were bighorn sheep, buffalo, deer, elk and pronghorn.
Other game animals included beaver, bighorn sheep, chief hares, chipmunks, doves, ground hogs, grouse, peccaries, porcupines, prairie dogs, quail, rabbits, skunks, snow birds, squirrels, turkeys and wood rats.
Burros and horses were only eaten in emergencies. Minks, weasels, wildcats and wolves were not eaten but hunted for their body parts. The main food of the Lipan was the buffalo with a three-week hunt during the fall and smaller scale hunts continuing until the spring.
The second most utilized animal was deer. Fresh deer blood was drunk for good health. Other animals included beavers, bighorns, black bears, burros, ducks, elk, fish, horses, mountain lions, mourning doves, mules, prairie dogs, pronghorns, quail, rabbits, squirrels, turkeys, turtles and wood rats.
Skunks were eaten only in emergencies. Plains Apache hunters pursued primarily buffalo and deer. Other hunted animals were badgers, bears, beavers, fowls, geese, opossums, otters, rabbits and turtles.
Influenced by the Plains Indians, Western Apaches wore animal hide decorated with seed beads for clothing. These beaded designs historically resembled that of the Great Basin Paiute and is characterized by linear patterning.
Apache beaded clothing was bordered with narrow bands of glass seed beads in diagonal stripes of alternating colors. The gathering of plants and other foods was primarily done by women.
However, in certain activities, such as the gathering of heavy agave crowns, men helped, although the men's job is usually to hunt animals such as deer, buffalo, and small game.
Numerous plants were used for medicine and religious ceremonies in addition their nutritional usage. Other plants were utilized for only their religious or medicinal value.
In May, the Western Apache baked and dried agave crowns that were pounded into pulp and formed into rectangular cakes.
At the end of June and beginning of July, saguaro , prickly pear , and cholla fruits were gathered. In July and August, mesquite beans, Spanish bayonet fruit, and Emory oak acorns were gathered.
In late September, gathering was stopped as attention moved toward harvesting cultivated crops. In late fall, juniper berries and pinyon nuts were gathered.
The most important plant food used by the Chiricahua was the Century plant also known as mescal or agave.
The crowns the tuberous base portion of this plant which were baked in large underground ovens and sun-dried and also the shoots were used. Other plants utilized by the Chiricahua include: agarita or algerita berries, alligator juniper berries, anglepod seeds, banana yucca or datil, broadleaf yucca fruit, chili peppers , chokecherries , cota used for tea , currants , dropseed grass seeds, Gambel oak acorns, Gambel oak bark used for tea , grass seeds of various varieties , greens of various varieties , hawthorne fruit, Lamb's-quarters leaves, lip ferns used for tea , live oak acorns, locust blossoms, locust pods, maize kernels used for tiswin , and mesquite beans.
Also eaten were mulberries , narrowleaf yucca blossoms, narrowleaf yucca stalks, nipple cactus fruit, one-seed juniper berries, onions, pigweed seeds, pinyon nuts, pitahaya fruit, prickly pear fruit, prickly pear juice, raspberries, screwbean or tornillo fruit, saguaro fruit, spurge seeds, strawberries, sumac Rhus trilobata berries, [37] sunflower seeds , tule rootstocks , tule shoots, pigweed tumbleweed seeds, unicorn plant seeds, walnuts, western yellow pine inner bark used as a sweetener , western yellow pine nuts, whitestar potatoes Ipomoea lacunosa , wild grapes , wild potatoes Solanum jamesii , wood sorrel leaves, and yucca buds unknown species.
Other items include: honey from ground hives and hives found within agave, sotol , and narrowleaf yucca plants.
The abundant agave mescal was also important to the Mescalero, [note 3] who gathered the crowns in late spring after reddish flower stalks appeared.
The smaller sotol crowns were also important. Both crowns of both plants were baked and dried. Other plants include: acorns, agarita berries, amole stalks roasted and peeled , aspen inner bark used as a sweetener , bear grass stalks roasted and peeled , box elder inner bark used as a sweetener , banana yucca fruit, banana yucca flowers, box elder sap used as a sweetener , cactus fruits of various varieties , cattail rootstocks, chokecherries, currants, dropseed grass seeds used for flatbread , elderberries , gooseberries Ribes leptanthum and R.
They also used horsemint used as condiment , juniper berries, Lamb's-quarters leaves, locust flowers, locust pods, mesquite pods, mint used as condiment , mulberries, pennyroyal used as condiment , pigweed seeds used for flatbread , pine inner bark used as a sweetener , pinyon pine nuts, prickly pear fruit dethorned and roasted , purslane leaves, raspberries, sage used as condiment , screwbeans, sedge tubers, shepherd's purse leaves, strawberries, sunflower seeds, tumbleweed seeds used for flatbread , vetch pods, walnuts, western white pine nuts, western yellow pine nuts, white evening primrose fruit, wild celery used as condiment , wild onion used as condiment , wild pea pods, wild potatoes, and wood sorrel leaves.
The Jicarilla used acorns, chokecherries, juniper berries, mesquite beans, pinyon nuts, prickly pear fruit, and yucca fruit, as well as many different kinds of other fruits, acorns, greens, nuts, and seed grasses.
The most important plant food used by the Lipan was agave mescal. Another important plant was sotol. Other plants utilized by the Lipan include: agarita, blackberries, cattails, devil's claw, elderberries, gooseberries, hackberries, hawthorn, juniper, Lamb's-quarters, locust, mesquite, mulberries, oak , palmetto , pecan, pinyon, prickly pears, raspberries, screwbeans, seed grasses, strawberries, sumac, sunflowers, Texas persimmons , walnuts, western yellow pine, wild cherries, wild grapes, wild onions, wild plums, wild potatoes, wild roses , yucca flowers, and yucca fruit.
Other items include: salt obtained from caves and honey. Plants utilized by the Plains Apache include: chokecherries, blackberries, grapes, prairie turnips , wild onions, and wild plums.
Numerous other fruits, vegetables, and tuberous roots were also used. This is a list of 54 ethnobotany plant uses for the uncategorized Apache.
The one Chiricahua band of Opler's and the Mescalero practiced very little cultivation. The other two Chiricahua bands and the Plains Apache did not grow any crops.
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